Cognitive bias is a distortion in the way we perceive reality. No matter how clever we are, we can't get rid of cognitive biases. They're thought to be instances of evolved mental behaviour.Here's a list of the most common ones:
- Bandwagon effect: we often do and believe things because many other people do and believe the same things... It's related to groupthink, herd behaviour, and manias.
- Confirmation bias: a tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions, leading to statistical errors.
- Hindsight bias: the inclination to see events that have occurred as more predictable than they in fact were before they took place. It's related to believing in prophecies..
- Hawthorne effect: the tendency of people to perform or perceive differently when they know that they are being observed. Problem when it comes to research...
- Anchoring: describes the common human tendency to rely too heavily, or "anchor," on one trait or piece of information when making decisions.
- Exposure effect: (also known as the mere exposure effect) a psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them.
- Self-fulfilling prophecy: a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by the very terms of the prophecy itself, due to positive feedback between belief and behaviour.
- Choice-supportive bias: the tendency to remember one’s choices as better than they actually were.
- Post-purchase rationalization: the tendency to persuade oneself through rational argument that a purchase was a good value.
- Fundamental attribution error: the tendency for people to over-emphasize personality-based explanations for behaviours observed in others while under-emphasizing the role and power of situational influences on the same behaviour. For example: I passed the test because I'm clever! He was successful due to good luck!
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